Using camera traps to study the age–sex structure and behaviour of crop-using elephants Loxodonta africana in Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania

Crop losses to foraging elephants are one of the primary obstacles to the coexistence of elephants and people. Understanding whether some individuals in a population are more likely to forage on crops, and the temporal patterns of elephant visits to farms, is key to mitigating the negative impacts of elephants on farmers’ livelihoods. We used camera traps to study the crop foraging behaviour of African elephants Loxodonta africana in farmland adjacent to the UdzungwaMountains National Park in southern Tanzania during October –August . Camera traps placed on elephant trails into farmland detected elephants on  occasions during the study period. We identified individual elephants for  camera-trap detections. All were independent males, and we identified  unique bulls aged – years. Two-thirds of the bulls identified were detected only once by camera traps during the study period. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that found that adult males are more likely to adopt high-risk feeding behaviours such as crop foraging, although youngmales dispersing from maternal family units also consume crops in Udzungwa. We found a large number of occasional cropusers ( of the  bulls identified) and a smaller number of repeat crop-users ( of ), suggesting that lethal control of crop-using elephants is unlikely to be an effective longterm strategy for reducing crop losses to elephants.